Titration Apparatus

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Titration is used to determine the levels of a substance based on the reactions. The analysis process using titration called titrimetri or volumetric method. there is a various Titration, they are acidi alkalimetry, iodometry, reduction oxidation or redox, potentiometri, pH-metri and others. Titration can be done manually by glassware or by instrument, such as potentiometer, pH meter, or autotitrator. Titration in manual method, using a glass apparatus such as burette 50 ml, beaker 100 ml, watch glass, volumetric flask 250 ml, stirring rod, Erlenmeyer flask 250 ml, graduated pipette 25 ml, funnel glass, weighing bottle, poles, ring stand, and clamps.

All glassware should be washed with water and then with soap and brushed by the brush tubes,  then rinsed again with water. Then last rinsed with aquadeast. Burette as a place for reagent or standard solutions or titrator should be rinsed 3 times with a standard solution or titrator. Then weigh the sample or titrant into the weighing bottle by using the analytical balance (see how to use analytical balance article). For example, the sample is 1.4536 grams. Then add distilled water and mix with stir bar until everything is dissolved.

Take a 250 ml volumetric flask and then enter the solution in the weighing bottle to the volumetric flask by following the article how the use volumetric flask. Enter the standard solution into the burette using a beaker 100 ml by following the article how to use Burette, then take 25 ml solution from the volumetric flask using graduated pipette, by following the article on how to use the graduated pipette.

Put 25 ml the solution in the graduated pipette to 250 ml Erlenmeyer, add 2 drops of indicator solution. Indicator solution is a solution containing a substance that changes color when the endpoint is reached, but the substance did not participate in the reaction. Indicator solution varies depending on each reagent and the reaction. As an example for acid-base reaction is used phenolpthalein indicator. The Acid-base reaction of reactions that occur in between a strong acid and a strong base. If the solution that is in the burette one of strong acids or strong bases.

Then do titration with a standard solution from the burette. Open the tap burette so the solution drips little by little. Shake Erlenmeyer unidirectional by folloeing the article how the use Erlenmeyer. If the color changes, then close the tap Burette immediately. Not to excess, even if one drops, because the results will not be accurate. Record the volume titrator in Burette that used and calculate the concentration samples or titrant by the formula:

Concentration titrant = Concentration Titrator x Volume Titrator x mol titrant
                                                      Volume titrant

Titration using potentiometer easier to do than titration with the glassware manual method. Potentiometri is a method used by a surge in potential energy in the reaction between standard (titrator) and samples (titrant). pH meter can also be used for titration, but only on the reaction acidi-alkalimetry for endpoint was calculated based on the occurrence of a surge in pH the solution. In the event of a potential energy or the pH surges this mean the endpoint was reached and the volume of the standard solution can be calculated. It does not require the indicator solution.

How to do a titration with a potentiometer or pH meter is insert standard solution in a burette by following the article how to use Burette. Then pipette 25 ml of the sample solution or titrant from the volumetric flask using a graduated pipette. Put it in a 100 ml beaker. Place this beaker on a magnetic stirrer and insert a magnetic into it. Stir at the middle speed. Rinse potentiometer electrode or pH meter electrode with distilled water 3 times. Then dip it in solution in a beaker containing that titrant. Be careful with the magnet on the electrode. Because the electrodes can damage or even break.

Record the energy potential or pH that measured. Then drops 5 drops of standard or titrator from the burette. Let stirred by a rotating magnet for 30 seconds, record again the energy potential or pH was measured. Then repeat again until the potential energy or pH surge. It means the endpoint reached. Continue the titration process by adding 1 or 2 ml standard solution from a burette. And still record the energy potential or pH were measured every 5 drops. Plot a graph of the potential energy with burette volume or pH with volume burette. Specify endpoint through this graph. Calculate the concentration samples or titrant by the formula above. If you have finished using electrodes on potentiometer or pH meter, it must rinse with distilled water and put in a buffer solution by following the article on how to use a pH meter.

Autotitrator is an instrument that can automatically perform a titration based on the potentiometri. Autotitrator is the easiest, fastest, and most modern titration. In autotitrator are a bottled as a place to store standard solution or titrator. In the bottle there is a small hose that can be connected into a beaker or cup reaction. There's another bottle as a waste storage of titration results. Autotitrator also accompanied by a small compressor to suck this waste. Electrodes connected to autotitrator and there is a plastic test tube containing buffer solution as a place to store the electrode.

Buttons on autotitrator that the on and off to switch on and off. Start and stop buttons to start and stop the titration process. The number keys to enter the data and the key to run the program or calculate titration process. Button compressor to suck waste titration results. Autotitrator Titration is based on the occurrence of the potential energy surge in reactions that occur. Autotitrator also comes with a magnetic stirrer for stirring the solution. A small printer is also connected with autotitrator to print the results of the titration.

How to use autotitrator that enter a standard solution into standard bottles. Also fill the small hose until full. There must be no air bubbles in the hose. Set parameters at titration program, the input concentration of standard solution or titrator, the weight of the sample is weighed, volume volumetric flask and volume graduated pipette used  for sample or titrant. Then take 25 ml of the sample solution with graduated pipette and put in a beaker of 100 ml.

Place this beaker on a magnetic stirrer. Take the electrode and rinse with distilled water. Enter the electrode and standard solution or titrant hose into a beaker of 100 ml. Dip up to 1 cm above the base solution. Then insert a small magnet into a it. Turn on the magnetic stirrer so that the magnet rotates. Set the speed at medium speed. Be careful with the magnet on the electrode. Because the electrodes can damage or even break. Press the start button so the titration starts.

When a surge of energy potential and the titration end point is reached, stop the titration process by pressing the stop button. Or if it is known to estimate the volume that will be used in the titration process, you can set the volume of the standard solution in the titration program. At the time this volume has been reached, then the titration process is automatically terminated. Do not let the titration end, if the endpoint has not been reached. Meanwhile, volume that was set before has been reached and the titration process is automatically terminated, the titration process must be repeated because it has not reached the endpoint. At the time of the titration process is ended, then the printer will automatically print the titrant or sample concentration along with the parameters used. No need to count again manually.

That's part of the tools used in the lab, from manual to modern titration.

Distillation Apparatus

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Distillation is the process of purification of a substance that can be derived from solids or liquids from differences of boiling point. The principle works are a mixture of substances that is boiled to evaporate, and the steam then cooled so that back into a liquid form. Substances which have a lower boiling point will evaporate first and separated from the mixture.

Distillation is a physical process and does not happen to a chemical reaction during the process so that there is no change whatever happens. There is only a process of separation or purification of a substance from a complex material by using certain solvents. In the distillation process contained lab apparatus is bunsen or heater, destilling flask, distillation adapter, thermometer, condenser, receiver adapter, erlenmeyer flask or receiving flask, water hose, clamp, ring stand, tripod, heatproof mat.

The distillation process which is simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, vacuum distillation and so on in accordance with their respective functions. Simple distillation is used to separate one substance miscible with other substances. For example, water containing minerals or metals, salts, and others, to split water into pure water H2O then do a simple distillation process.

How to assemble the distillation apparatus is destilling flask placed in a round heater or over a bunsen. Place tripod above the bunsen, then heatproof mat on top, and destilling flask over heatproof mat. Do not light the bunsen. Then enter 50 ml the sample water into destilling flask. Enter boiling stones into a destilling flask. Boiling stones function so that bubbles out to be smaller and to avoid splashing strong. Boiling stones are made of porcelain, irregular shape and magnitude of approximately 1 cm. Attach the clamps to the neck of the destilling flask so that the flask can stand firmly. Attach the other end of the clamp to the ring stand. Then attach the distillation adapter rounded upwards. This tool has two apertures, as a place to put a thermometer and as a channel for water vapor to the condenser.

Attach a thermometer on top of the distillation adapter. Then place the condenser at the other end of the distillation adapter. Attach the clamp to hold the condenser. Attach the other end of the clamp to the ring stand. Angle the condenser so the other end is lower. The condenser has a 4 hole that is 2 holes for tap water channels in and out. And two other holes to be connected to the distillation adapter and into the receiver adapter as a channel of water vapor from the distillation adapter. Then put the water hose to the water faucet at the sink. End of the hose is coupled to the lower condenser channel position. Take the other hose and then attach it to the condenser channel a higher position. End of the hose is placed in the sink. The tip of the condenser is connected to the receiver adapter. Under the receiver adapter is placed the erlenmeyer flask or receiving flask.

Open the tap water in the sink so that the water flows into the condenser. Water flows from the bottom to the top of the condenser. Do not reverse installing the hose, because it can result in water flow in the condenser from the top to the bottom. If this happens then there will be an air cavity and not all the cool room will be filled with water. And cooling processes to be not optimal.

Turn on the bunsen and open the oxygen ring to produce two layers of flames, blue and green. The water in the destilling flask will boil and only pure water or H2O that will evaporate. Minerals, metals, salts, and so mixed in water will be left in the destilling flask. The thermometer at the top of the distillation adapter will show the temperature. Check the temperature, it must be not more than the boiling point of water which is 100°C. If the thermometer temperature over 100°C, lower temperatures by reducing the bunsen flame. Water vapor from the destilling flask will enter into condenser. The tap water that flows into the condenser will cools the steam coming out of the destilling flask that turned into a moisture.

Because condenser position is sloping downwards, it will facilitate the moisture formed to flow into the receiver adapter. Pure water (H2O) that goes into the receiver adapter will flow into the erlenmeyer flask or receiving flask under the form of droplets. Droplets of water collected in the erlenmeyer. The pure water as a result of distillation process called distilled water.

Glass apparatus such as destilling flask, distillation adapter, condenser, receiver adapter, erlenmeyer flask or receiving flask, before and after use should be washed with water and then with soap and brushed with a brush tube. Then with water and dried. Destilling flask, erlenmeyer flasks or receiving flask can be dried with a tissue or with drained. The distillation adapter, condenser, receiver adapter, can be dried in the oven.

Applications of distillation process can be divided into two types of distillation, they are in laboratories and in industry. The main difference distillation in laboratories and in industry is the implemented system. In the laboratory distillation process is performed only once, while in the industrial distillation is done on continual process. In the sense of the distillation in the laboratory, the composition of the mixture is separated into component fractions are sorted by volatility, in which the most volatile substances to be separated first. The least volatile substance will be left on the bottom. This process can be repeated when the mixture is added and begin the process of distillation back. In industry, the material to be distilled remain in a fixed composition. Desired substances are separated from the system carefully, and when the starting material runs out it can be added again without stopping the process of distillation.

Lots of products made by the process of distillation. for example, alcohol formed from the fermentation process also purified by distillation. Natural oils are made with distillation processes, for example, ginger oil, olive oil, clove oil, eucalyptus oil and so on. Even oils from soil, distillation is a key element in the separation of petroleum fractions based on boiling point.

Laboratory

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There are different kinds of lab and depending on their respective functions, which are :

1.   The chemical laboratory
2.   The physics laboratory
3.   The chemical physics laboratory
4.   The basic chemistry laboratory
5.  The biochemical laboratories
6.   The food analysis laboratory
7.   The instruments laboratory
8.   The microbiology laboratory
9.   The health laboratory
10. And others

When entered a laboratory or a lab (acronym) you must wear a lab coat. Lab coat is white shirt, but there is also a light blue or other light-colored, shaped like a coat with buttons along the front and the material is thicker than the shirt. Buttons used must be easily opened, if a lab coat burned or exposed to hazardous substances, it can be immediately released. Lab coat is longer than a shirt, ideally long lab coats to the knee. There is a reason why so long lab coats to the knee, which is due at the lab we interact with chemicals ranging from harmless to harmful. Sometimes there are chemicals that are corrosive or destructive, especially if exposed skin or clothing. Directly lab coat to protect us from the chemical. Imagine if those chemicals on the skin, it will hurt because your skin, it will blister. White lab coat or other bright colors as if the dirt is immediately visible, if a lab coat, dark it will be difficult to detect or see the stain. Chemical jacket sleeve, length along the wrist. Now it's ready to go into the lab to lab.

When you first enter the lab, a kind of weird smell chemicals normally would immediately smell. There are some standard rules if it is in the lab, which is wearing a lab coat and closed shoes, also to protect our feet from chemicals, wearing pants or a long skirt to the ankle. To protect the eyes is usually a lab goggles, but this is rarely done if only for a simple lab. Disposable rubber gloves or rubber gloves, heavy enough to take on dangerous substances. Masks are used most stout in the microbiology lab to prevent contamination, but are also used in chemical lab to take harmful substances. For women with long hair, the hair should be tied, because it would interfere during the practicum.

The first rule when it's in the lab is forbidden to eat and drink. It is very reasonable if harmful substances get into our mouths accidentally it can be deadly. No smoking, because cigarette could cause a fire if exposed to the chemicals were explosive when exposed to heat. Do not touch or hold or open a bottle of chemicals in the lab. Do not light a fire if not necessary. Bags and other items that are not needed is placed inside a locker, just bring a book and a pen to take notes. Seats in the lab is not on wheels, so not easy to move. Lab table made of cement and tiles that are easy to clean and sturdy. The room under the table used as a closet for storing tools or chemicals that are not dangerous. During the middle of the table made a shelf for storing chemicals that are not dangerous. On the table laid for a Bunsen flame source. Like a burner, but small. Bunsen uses gas as fuel. Gas cylinders placed in the corner of room away from sources of ignition.

Storage of liquids and solids are separated. Solid or powder kept in a cupboard which is closed to keep the damage. Each solids have expire date to ensure product quality. Liquids are made from solids are stored on shelves in the lab or on a shelf above the desk. Liquids concentrated, such as acid. Substance concentrated acid containing more than 95% purity of the substance. They are corrosive and dangerous to put under the hood. The hood is a room measuring 2x1 meters on which there is a blower to suck harmful substances so as not to breathe in the nose. The hood is covered with glass and lights to get much brighter. Lift the cover glass hood if it will use the hood, and do not open it all, open only partially to enter the hand and take the chemicals in the hood.

Sink to wash or take the water to be near the table. Along with soap and other washing liquid. Never dispose of chemical substances into the sink because it will be a waste and environmental damage. Former lab waste put into bottles and sealed. Then collected for disposal. Be careful in disposing of this waste, make sure waste is not mixed and produce dangerous reactions. Dispose of similar waste in one bottle, for example waste using alcohol solvent waste along with other alcohol solvent waste. Label the bottle so that the waste is not mixed, and this facilitates the handling of waste treatment.

The lab floor lined with tiles that are easy to clean. The items that do not need should not be placed in the lab. Lab window should be opened and closed easily, if there is a fire it can quickly remove smoke. For air circulation, place the blower over the windows so that air can enter easily. When the lab is used turn on the blower to get out the air from the lab. A trellis placed in the windows to prevent the unwanted entry into the lab. The lamps used for lighting namely white fluorescent lamps and lights are switched on when the lab used even during the day, to get adequate lighting.

Another room in the lab is a room containing weigh scales, in this room does not open the windows because the wind coming in can affect the scales. Scales of analysis are very sensitive to wind. In this room there are only scales, tables, and chairs. The table must be flat and solid. The room under the table is left blank so that the person can comfortably weigh. No chemicals are placed in this room, this was done so that not a lot of back and forth in the room. If you would weigh, brings tools and the substance to be weighed into the weighing room. And after the completion of weighing, trim back the equipment and substances so weigh room clean again.

Anothers is laboratory assistant room. Laboratory assistant room used by the laboratory assistant to record the availability of tools and chemicals that are in the lab. A laboratory assistant room containing equipment and chemicals. All income and expenses are recorded so that everything is easily traced back if there is an error. The chemicals were placed in a cabinet and arranged alphabetically and numbered on the lid of the bottle. Bottle number corresponding to the number on the list of contents that is placed or affixed to the door of chemicals so easily the search. The table of contents lists the name of the substance, expire date, date of arrival substance to the lab. Each substance has a list of use, purpose of use of the list is to record each use of these substances, the list contains a list of the arrival date, the number of arrivals, dates of use, amount of usage, and the rest of the substances available. This will allow the laboratory assistant to determine the amount of chemicals to be discharged and immediately re-ordering. Laboratory chemicals will not run in this way. Similarly, lab tools, for example, glass tools.

To take notes or briefing meeting that there should be a special room with a blackboard or a white board so it is not done on a lab table. Lab table is only used for lab work. As a practitioner (or the person doing the lab work), before starting the lab should keep a journal. The journal contains columns records, is the time and the estimated time of the stage to be carried out when the lab. Column image to draw the stages of processing lab to make it more clear and unmistakable. Column discussion to record events or knowledge which occurs during the practicum. Each stage is no reason to be practical and could be fatal if it is not done. And the last column is to record results of lab results or observations.

Now everything is complete and ready for lab work. Practicum experience is always exciting because we will know new things and will be remembered rather than learn how to memorize. And with practice we will more easily understand. Each one subject practicum is usually performed for 3 to 4 hours. Or sooner if it had been completed. And after the completion of the lab, must write a report. Report the results of lab usually typed on paper, and in different formats such as journals or the raw reports. All that happens is written in the report.